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Megarian school
The Megarian school of philosophy, which flourished in the 4th century BC, was founded by Euclid of Megara, one of the pupils of Socrates. Its ethical teachings were derived from Socrates, recognizing a single good, which was apparently combined with the Eleatic doctrine of Unity. Some of Euclid's successors developed logic to such an extent that they became a separate school, known as the Dialectical school. Their work on modal logic, logical conditionals, and propositional logic played an important role in the development of logic in antiquity.
==History==
The Megarian school of philosophy was founded by Euclid of Megara, who had been one of the pupils of Socrates in the late 5th century BC.〔Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 47〕 His successors, as head of the school in Megara, were said to have been Ichthyas (mid 4th century BC), and Stilpo (late 4th century BC).〔Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 113〕 It is unlikely, however, that the Megarian school was a genuine institution, nor did it have a unified philosophical position. It was said that the philosophers of the school were first called ''Megarians'' and that later they were called ''Eristics'', and then ''Dialecticians'',〔Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 106〕 but it is probable that these names designated splinter groups distinct from the Megarian school. Besides Ichthyas, Euclid's most important pupils were Eubulides of Miletus〔Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 108〕 and Clinomachus of Thurii.〔Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 112〕 It seems to have been under Clinomachus that a separate Dialectical school was founded,〔 Although the name "Dialectical school" was apparently coined by Dionysius of Chalcedon, (Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 106)〕 which placed great emphasis on logic and dialectic, and Clinomachus was said to have been "the first to write about propositions and predicates."〔 However, Euclid himself taught logic,〔Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 107〕 and his pupil, Eubulides, who was famous for employing celebrated paradoxes,〔 was the teacher of several later dialecticians.
Via Stilpo, the Megarian school is said to have influenced the Eretrian school under Menedemus and Asclepiades, but the biggest influence was on Stoicism. Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school, was said to have studied under Stilpo and Diodorus Cronus,〔Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 16〕 and to have disputed with Philo the Dialectician. It was perhaps the Dialecticians, Diodorus and Philo, who were the biggest influence on the development of Stoic logic, and that Zeno studied under Stilpo to learn his moral teachings, although Stilpo, too, is said to have excelled "in the invention of arguments and in sophistry."〔
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